2024 The concept of perceollapsed

2. Peace concepts in the Occident Peace, however conceived of, is a character-istic of some 'system': intra-personal, inter-personal, intra-societal, inter-societal, intra-global (and here we choose to stop). It is a concept applied to a system, hence it will necessarily be colored by the traditions governing concept-formation and system-. Replace driver

Why International Peace Collapsed By 1939. By the year 1939, peace in and among the countries of the world had lost next to all stability. Reasons for the outbreak of the Second World War include the actions of Adolf Hitler, the policy of appeasement, the vast number of problems caused by both the Treaty of Versailles and other peace treaties ...1. The Development of the Concept of Peace In this paper I try to survey the development of the concept of peace, in other words the ways by which the human aspirations for peace took shape. However, my attempt is limited both in space and time. My analysis concentrates mainly on Europe (but partly on the US) and I deal with only a few centu-The Revolutions of 1989, also known as the Fall of Communism, [3] was a revolutionary wave of liberal democracy movements that resulted in the collapse of most Marxist–Leninist governments in the Eastern Bloc and other parts of the world. Sometimes this revolutionary wave is also called the Fall of Nations or the Autumn of Nations, [4] [5] [6 ...Purpose. The purposes of this study were to investigate (1) the clinical, radiographic and arthroscopic presentation of patients with subchondral insufficiency fracture of the femoral head (SIFFH) and (2) the outcomes following arthroscopic treatment with internal fixation using hydroxyapatite poly-lactate acid (HA/PLLA) threaded pins and concomitant arthroscopic treatment of associated findings.Oct 13, 2006 · Peirce’s Sign Theory, or Semiotic, is an account of signification, representation, reference and meaning. Although sign theories have a long history, Peirce’s accounts are distinctive and innovative for their breadth and complexity, and for capturing the importance of interpretation to signification. For Peirce, developing a thoroughgoing ... The author's study of the prompt shock mechanism continues with an investigation of the effect of the softness of the supranuclear behavior of the equation of state (EOS), and of the structure of the precollapse core model. Three different levels of neutrino transport were incorporated in the calculations. When neutrino-electron scattering (NES) is turned off and only e-type neutrinos are ...Aftermath of World War I and the Rise of Nazism, 1918–1933. In the aftermath of World War I, Germans struggled to understand their country’s uncertain future. Citizens faced poor economic conditions, skyrocketing unemployment, political instability, and profound social change. While downplaying more extreme goals, Adolf Hitler and the Nazi ... May 31, 2013 · Extract. Over the next few years much will be made of the hundred-year anniversary of the breakdown of the European peace into a thirty-one-year civil war that did not fully cease until 1945. In 2012 the European Union was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in recognition of the fact that there has been no war within its borders for the past sixty ... Background. Yugoslavia occupied a significant portion of the Balkan Peninsula, including a strip of land on the east coast of the Adriatic Sea, stretching southward from the Bay of Trieste in Central Europe to the mouth of Bojana as well as Lake Prespa inland, and eastward as far as the Iron Gates on the Danube and Midžor in the Balkan Mountains, thus including a large part of Southeast ... T/F Rome had very little commerce or industry, making it reliant on military conquest. T/F Octavian became, effectively, the first "emperor" of Rome. T/F The death of Marcus Aurelius was the "beginning of the end" for the Roman Empire. T/F The average Roman's house included a painted wall in trompe l'oiel style.Why International Peace Collapsed By 1939. By the year 1939, peace in and among the countries of the world had lost next to all stability. Reasons for the outbreak of the Second World War include the actions of Adolf Hitler, the policy of appeasement, the vast number of problems caused by both the Treaty of Versailles and other peace treaties ...It is impossible to discuss concepts of collapse and regeneration without taking into account recent heated debates between Jared Diamond and his critics, notably in the book edited by Patricia McAnany and Norman Yoffee . Diamond tends to explain collapses by societal choices that were environmentally unwise; his critics often deny or underplay ...The quest to define peace as a concept and set of values is as old as recorded history. The concept of peace was first introduced into academic literature by the Norwegian pioneer of peace research Johan Galtung, who distinguished between two types of peace: positive peace and negative peace. Western concepts of peace originate in 1) the Ancient Judaism concept of shalom, 2) the Greek concept of eirene, and 3) the Roman concept of pax. Here the most common elements are prosperity and order where order refers primarily to rule of law. The Easter concepts of peace emphasize order and tranquility of mind. The concept lay largely dormant until 2007, when an influential article by Columbia University counseling psychologist Derald Wing Sue and his co-authors brought it to the attention of a ...The approach taken to this in the present article is to see the concept of peace in the light of the social cosmology of various civilizations, roughly spanning the classical Occident-Orient spectrum. Methodologically, the terms explored are those that usually are translated, however superficially, into 'peace' in English — and that leads to ...ActiveHistory An ActiveHistory subscription provides everything you need to construct and deliver a two-year IGCSE History course from start to finish. All of the materials have been designed by a full-time teacher who has been delivering the IGCSE History syllabus since 2005.Sep 1, 2023 · perception, in humans, the process whereby sensory stimulation is translated into organized experience. That experience, or percept, is the joint product of the stimulation and of the process itself. Relations found between various types of stimulation (e.g., light waves and sound waves) and their associated percepts suggest inferences that can ... Review Article Posttraumatic Avascular Necrosis After Proximal Femur, Proximal Humerus, Talar Neck, and Scaphoid Fractures Abstract Posttraumatic avascular necrosis (AVN) is osteonecrosis fromCollapse definition, to fall or cave in; crumble suddenly: The roof collapsed and buried the crowd. See more.Review Article Posttraumatic Avascular Necrosis After Proximal Femur, Proximal Humerus, Talar Neck, and Scaphoid Fractures Abstract Posttraumatic avascular necrosis (AVN) is osteonecrosis fromThe aftermath of World War I saw cultural, economic, and social change across Eurasia, Africa, and even in areas outside those that were directly involved.Four empires collapsed due to the war, old countries were abolished, new ones were formed, boundaries were redrawn, international organizations were established, and many new and old ideologies took a firm hold in people's minds.Détente, French for “relaxation,” is “a process of managing relations with a potentially hostile country in order to preserve peace while maintaining our vital interests,” Henry Kissinger ...Oct 26, 2022 · The Antarctic Peninsula has undergone dramatic changes in recent decades, including ice-shelf melting, disintegration, and retreat of the grounding line. The Larsen B ice shelf is of particular concern due to the unprecedented ice-shelf collapse in 2002. Since few observations on the Antarctic Peninsula were available before the 1970s, long-term investigation of the surface elevation change in ... United Nations Peacekeeping helps countries torn by conflict create conditions for lasting peace. Peacekeeping has proven to be one of the most effective tools available to the UN to assist host countries navigate the difficult path from conflict to peace. Peacekeeping has unique strengths, including legitimacy, burden sharing, and an ability ...Mar 9, 2020 · St. Augustine concurred, preaching that the joining of lips symbolized the joining of hearts. Peace, by this conception, is about mutual identification, mutual flourishing, mutual submission, and mutual supplication. It is the peace of equality and cooperation. Apart from these two conceptions of peace, other meanings of the word can easily be ... We present 3D hydrodynamics simulations of shell burning in two progenitors with zero-age main-sequence masses of 22 and 27 M ⊙ for ∼65 and 200 s up to the onset of gravitational collapse, respectively.The concept lay largely dormant until 2007, when an influential article by Columbia University counseling psychologist Derald Wing Sue and his co-authors brought it to the attention of a ...Perceived obsolescence is all around us. And most of us fall victim to it in one way or another at some point. Find out in this lesson what this term refers to and what some famous examples of it are.The approach taken to this in the present article is to see the concept of peace in the light of the social cosmology of various civilizations, roughly spanning the classical Occident-Orient spectrum. Methodologically, the terms explored are those that usually are translated, however superficially, into 'peace' in English — and that leads to ... A scandal of exceptional scope and impact, it was (at the time) the largest bankruptcy in American history. The alleged business practices of its executives led to numerous individual criminal convictions. It was also a principal impetus for the enactment of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and the evolution of the concept of corporate responsibility.Oct 23, 2019 · Stanford historian Walter Scheidel calls the fall of Rome the “great escape.” (Image credit: Daniel Hinterramskogler) Scheidel discusses in a new book why the Roman Empire was never rebuilt ... 2. Peace concepts in the Occident Peace, however conceived of, is a character-istic of some 'system': intra-personal, inter-personal, intra-societal, inter-societal, intra-global (and here we choose to stop). It is a concept applied to a system, hence it will necessarily be colored by the traditions governing concept-formation and system-Scholars of collapse tend to fall into two loose camps. The first, dominated by Tainter, looks for grand narratives and one-size-fits-all explanations. The second is more interested in the ...The concept of peace is more clearly understood in comparison with the concept of violence. Direct violence, the popularly understood meaning of violence, is referred to physical injuries and the infliction of pain that is caused by a specific person. Structural violence is apparent in social systems maintained by exploitative means throughout ...The ideal of peace therefore suffuses the religious concepts in the Qur’an. The revelation and the night on which it came down are peace. Peace is the pinnacle of the Muslim paradise. God is peace. While these verses treat spiritual ideals, they do have implications for the Qur’an’s view of proper human behavior.The approach taken to this in the present article is to see the concept of peace in the light of the social cosmology of various civilizations, roughly spanning the classical Occident-Orient spectrum. Methodologically, the terms explored are those that usually are translated, however superficially, into 'peace' in English — and that leads to ...The Japanese Investigation Committee introduced the concept of location of the lesions. 8 Association Research Circulation Osseous (ARCO) proposed a new international classification in 2001 using MRI. 9 This system uses the four part staging system of Ficat, while adding the extent of involvement advocated by Steinberg 7 and the location of ... The International Journal of Periodontics & Restorative Dentistry 682 facial or buccal root section alone to maintain the tissues at immedi-ate implant placement. 8 A tooth planned for extraction ... Learn about:- 1. Meaning of Business Environment 2. Definition of Business Environment 3. Concept 4. Scope 5. Factors 6. Need 7. Features 8. Components 9. Dimensions ...But even a greater cause of the collapse of international peace in 1939 was the end of appeasement. When Hitler invaded Poland in 1939, after having faced no opposition in the past, he did not expect Britain and France to declare war on Germany. Hitler had taken his gamble on step too far by invading Poland instead of just keeping what he ...The aftermath of World War I saw cultural, economic, and social change across Eurasia, Africa, and even in areas outside those that were directly involved.Four empires collapsed due to the war, old countries were abolished, new ones were formed, boundaries were redrawn, international organizations were established, and many new and old ideologies took a firm hold in people's minds.Extract. Over the next few years much will be made of the hundred-year anniversary of the breakdown of the European peace into a thirty-one-year civil war that did not fully cease until 1945. In 2012 the European Union was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in recognition of the fact that there has been no war within its borders for the past sixty ...May 31, 2013 · Extract. Over the next few years much will be made of the hundred-year anniversary of the breakdown of the European peace into a thirty-one-year civil war that did not fully cease until 1945. In 2012 the European Union was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in recognition of the fact that there has been no war within its borders for the past sixty ... Why had international peace collapsed by 1939? (March examination – India only) Why had international peace collapsed by 1939? ( June examination) How secure was the USSR’s control over Eastern Europe, 1948–c.1989? (November examination) 2022: Nineteenth Century Core Content (Option A) These three principles are inter-related and mutually reinforcing: Consent of the parties. Impartiality. Non-use of force except in self-defence and defence of the mandate. 1. Consent of the parties. UN peacekeeping operations are deployed with the consent of the main parties to the conflict. This requires a commitment by the parties to a ...neoliberalism, ideology and policy model that emphasizes the value of free market competition. Although there is considerable debate as to the defining features of neoliberal thought and practice, it is most commonly associated with laissez-faire economics. In particular, neoliberalism is often characterized in terms of its belief in sustained ...Western concepts of peace originate in 1) the Ancient Judaism concept of shalom, 2) the Greek concept of eirene, and 3) the Roman concept of pax. Here the most common elements are prosperity and order where order refers primarily to rule of law. The Easter concepts of peace emphasize order and tranquility of mind. 1. The Development of the Concept of Peace In this paper I try to survey the development of the concept of peace, in other words the ways by which the human aspirations for peace took shape. However, my attempt is limited both in space and time. My analysis concentrates mainly on Europe (but partly on the US) and I deal with only a few centu-Détente, French for “relaxation,” is “a process of managing relations with a potentially hostile country in order to preserve peace while maintaining our vital interests,” Henry Kissinger ...The concept of democratic peace must be distinguished from the claim that democracies are in general more peaceful than nondemocratic countries. Whereas the latter claim is controversial, the claim that democratic states do not fight each other is widely regarded as true by scholars and practitioners of international relations. Jun 23, 2017 · The concept lay largely dormant until 2007, when an influential article by Columbia University counseling psychologist Derald Wing Sue and his co-authors brought it to the attention of a ... Jan 4, 2022 · AUDIOBOOK. Abstract: In this article, the author investigates the concept of “war” during the Akkadian period (ca. 2234–2154 BCE) through fragments and clay tablets that have remained from that period in history more than 4,000 years ago. Given the special place that the divine realm took in the Akkadian worldview, manifesting even in ... A deep irony underlies the concept of peace in these three great Western religious systems. Christianity, for example, gave rise to one of the great warrior traditions in the world, yet it is unique among Western religions in the degree to which it was founded upon a message of peace, love, and nonviolence. The five issues are: (1) the ontology of concepts, (2) the structure of concepts, (3) empiricism and nativism about concepts, (4) concepts and natural language, and (5) concepts and conceptual analysis. 1. The ontology of concepts. 1.1 Concepts as mental representations. 1.2 Concepts as abilities. 1.3 Concepts as abstract objects.The Revolutions of 1989, also known as the Fall of Communism, [3] was a revolutionary wave of liberal democracy movements that resulted in the collapse of most Marxist–Leninist governments in the Eastern Bloc and other parts of the world. Sometimes this revolutionary wave is also called the Fall of Nations or the Autumn of Nations, [4] [5] [6 ...Western concepts of peace originate in 1) the Ancient Judaism concept of shalom, 2) the Greek concept of eirene, and 3) the Roman concept of pax. Here the most common elements are prosperity and order where order refers primarily to rule of law. The Easter concepts of peace emphasize order and tranquility of mind.Collapse definition, to fall or cave in; crumble suddenly: The roof collapsed and buried the crowd. See more.The Japanese Investigation Committee introduced the concept of location of the lesions. 8 Association Research Circulation Osseous (ARCO) proposed a new international classification in 2001 using MRI. 9 This system uses the four part staging system of Ficat, while adding the extent of involvement advocated by Steinberg 7 and the location of ... Oct 23, 2019 · Stanford historian Walter Scheidel calls the fall of Rome the “great escape.” (Image credit: Daniel Hinterramskogler) Scheidel discusses in a new book why the Roman Empire was never rebuilt ... Détente, French for “relaxation,” is “a process of managing relations with a potentially hostile country in order to preserve peace while maintaining our vital interests,” Henry Kissinger ...The aftermath of World War I saw cultural, economic, and social change across Eurasia, Africa, and even in areas outside those that were directly involved.Four empires collapsed due to the war, old countries were abolished, new ones were formed, boundaries were redrawn, international organizations were established, and many new and old ideologies took a firm hold in people's minds.2. Peace concepts in the Occident Peace, however conceived of, is a character-istic of some 'system': intra-personal, inter-personal, intra-societal, inter-societal, intra-global (and here we choose to stop). It is a concept applied to a system, hence it will necessarily be colored by the traditions governing concept-formation and system- Collapse definition, to fall or cave in; crumble suddenly: The roof collapsed and buried the crowd. See more. The global collapse is controlled by the logic or concept of the civilizational concept, although civilizational environmental aesthetic values such as balance and harmony may be relevant.Perceived obsolescence is all around us. And most of us fall victim to it in one way or another at some point. Find out in this lesson what this term refers to and what some famous examples of it are.Perceived Obsolescence is when a person is persuaded into replacing an item before the old one has lost its functionality. It can be as simple as the old item becoming unfashionable or less desirable. The old item is perceived to be obsolete when it is not. The perceived obsolescence is usually due to the item’s aesthetics instead of ...Everyone spaces out from time to time. While spacing out can simply be a sign that you are sleep deprived, stressed, or distracted, it can also be due to a transient ischemic attack, seizure, hypotension, hypoglycemia, migraine, transient global amnesia, fatigue, narcolepsy, or drug misuse. If you have repeated episodes or experience a lack of ...The approach taken to this in the present article is to see the concept of peace in the light of the social cosmology of various civilizations, roughly spanning the classical Occident-Orient spectrum. Methodologically, the terms explored are those that usually are translated, however superficially, into 'peace' in English — and that leads to ... Mar 8, 2005 · The Problem of Perception. The Problem of Perception is that if illusions and hallucinations are possible, then perceptual experience, as we ordinarily understand it, is impossible. The Problem is animated by two central arguments: the argument from illusion (§2.1) and the argument from hallucination (§2.2). Why had international peace collapsed by 1939? (March examination – India only) Why had international peace collapsed by 1939? ( June examination) How secure was the USSR’s control over Eastern Europe, 1948–c.1989? (November examination) 2022: Nineteenth Century Core Content (Option A) This document was prepared using funding from the Albuquerque Area Office, Reclamation’s Science and Technology Program, Technical Service Center2 ROBERT I. ROTBERG succumb to failure, or collapse, and why others in ostensibly more straightened circumstances remain weak and at risk without ever destructing.Purpose. The purposes of this study were to investigate (1) the clinical, radiographic and arthroscopic presentation of patients with subchondral insufficiency fracture of the femoral head (SIFFH) and (2) the outcomes following arthroscopic treatment with internal fixation using hydroxyapatite poly-lactate acid (HA/PLLA) threaded pins and concomitant arthroscopic treatment of associated findings.1. The Development of the Concept of Peace In this paper I try to survey the development of the concept of peace, in other words the ways by which the human aspirations for peace took shape. However, my attempt is limited both in space and time. My analysis concentrates mainly on Europe (but partly on the US) and I deal with only a few centu- • Why had international peace collapsed by 1939? • Who was to blame for the Cold War? • How effectively did the United States contain the spread of Communism? • How secure was the USSR’s control over Eastern Europe, 1948–c.1989? • Why did events in the Gulf matter, c.1970–2000? But even a greater cause of the collapse of international peace in 1939 was the end of appeasement. When Hitler invaded Poland in 1939, after having faced no opposition in the past, he did not expect Britain and France to declare war on Germany. Hitler had taken his gamble on step too far by invading Poland instead of just keeping what he ...Collapse definition, to fall or cave in; crumble suddenly: The roof collapsed and buried the crowd. See more. Aftermath of World War I and the Rise of Nazism, 1918–1933. In the aftermath of World War I, Germans struggled to understand their country’s uncertain future. Citizens faced poor economic conditions, skyrocketing unemployment, political instability, and profound social change. While downplaying more extreme goals, Adolf Hitler and the Nazi ... The League of Nations ( French: Société des Nations [sɔsjete de nɑsjɔ̃]) was the first worldwide intergovernmental organisation whose principal mission was to maintain world peace. [1] It was founded on 10 January 1920 by the Paris Peace Conference that ended the First World War.A deep irony underlies the concept of peace in these three great Western religious systems. Christianity, for example, gave rise to one of the great warrior traditions in the world, yet it is unique among Western religions in the degree to which it was founded upon a message of peace, love, and nonviolence.The Revolutions of 1989, also known as the Fall of Communism, [3] was a revolutionary wave of liberal democracy movements that resulted in the collapse of most Marxist–Leninist governments in the Eastern Bloc and other parts of the world. Sometimes this revolutionary wave is also called the Fall of Nations or the Autumn of Nations, [4] [5] [6 ...Apr 5, 2017 · “Perceptual Learning” refers, roughly, to long-lasting changes in perception that result from practice or experience (see E.J. Gibson 1963). William James, for instance, writes about how a person can become able to differentiate by taste between the upper and lower half of a bottle for a particular kind of wine (1890: 509).

Background. Yugoslavia occupied a significant portion of the Balkan Peninsula, including a strip of land on the east coast of the Adriatic Sea, stretching southward from the Bay of Trieste in Central Europe to the mouth of Bojana as well as Lake Prespa inland, and eastward as far as the Iron Gates on the Danube and Midžor in the Balkan Mountains, thus including a large part of Southeast .... Sdccu cashier

Together, both sets of principles combine justice, order, and power; they create the central overlap in Figure 8.1 which is the space of the Just Package. Finally, in the overlap in Figure 8.1 between order and power is a peace without justice that is enforced by power. This is tyranny: an arbitrary and oppressive use of power to impose and ...1. The Development of the Concept of Peace In this paper I try to survey the development of the concept of peace, in other words the ways by which the human aspirations for peace took shape. However, my attempt is limited both in space and time. My analysis concentrates mainly on Europe (but partly on the US) and I deal with only a few centu-Teaching activities Key Concepts PLTS Key words Written product including assessment Resources 1-2 How did the peace treaties in the inter-war years lead to conflict in the 1930’s? All: will be able to describe the blunders made by the league during the early 1930s. Most: will be able to give specific examples of how the League causedTeaching activities Key Concepts PLTS Key words Written product including assessment Resources 1-2 How did the peace treaties in the inter-war years lead to conflict in the 1930’s? All: will be able to describe the blunders made by the league during the early 1930s. Most: will be able to give specific examples of how the League causedPositive Peace is defined as the attitudes, institutions and structures that create and sustain peaceful societies. It provides a framework to understand and then address the multiple and complex challenges the world faces. Positive Peace is transformational in that it is a cross-cutting factor for progress, making it easier for businesses to ... Positive Peace is defined as the attitudes, institutions and structures that create and sustain peaceful societies. It provides a framework to understand and then address the multiple and complex challenges the world faces. Positive Peace is transformational in that it is a cross-cutting factor for progress, making it easier for businesses to ... 2. Peace concepts in the Occident Peace, however conceived of, is a character-istic of some 'system': intra-personal, inter-personal, intra-societal, inter-societal, intra-global (and here we choose to stop). It is a concept applied to a system, hence it will necessarily be colored by the traditions governing concept-formation and system- Jan 4, 2022 · AUDIOBOOK. Abstract: In this article, the author investigates the concept of “war” during the Akkadian period (ca. 2234–2154 BCE) through fragments and clay tablets that have remained from that period in history more than 4,000 years ago. Given the special place that the divine realm took in the Akkadian worldview, manifesting even in ... Mar 14, 2023 · Everyone spaces out from time to time. While spacing out can simply be a sign that you are sleep deprived, stressed, or distracted, it can also be due to a transient ischemic attack, seizure, hypotension, hypoglycemia, migraine, transient global amnesia, fatigue, narcolepsy, or drug misuse. If you have repeated episodes or experience a lack of ... Mar 8, 2005 · The Problem of Perception. The Problem of Perception is that if illusions and hallucinations are possible, then perceptual experience, as we ordinarily understand it, is impossible. The Problem is animated by two central arguments: the argument from illusion (§2.1) and the argument from hallucination (§2.2). ABSTRACT. ABSTRACT. This is a literature-reviewing and conceptualizing article introducing a Special Issue that is addressing the broad field of ‘peacebuilding amidst violence’. We take as a point of departure that peacebuilding (as we know it) is widely failing to deliver on its promises.3.2 CONCEPTS AND UNDERLYING PRINCIPLES Table 3.1 presents concepts of peace, loosely organized according to whether the concept is integrated within a cultural-religious system, or a secular, cross-cultural concept (which is empirical, abstract, or normative). 6 Not all concepts of peace or variations of those shown can be tabled, 7 but I believe the major ones are included. 8A failed state is a government that has become incapable of providing the basic functions and responsibilities of a sovereign nation, such as military defense, law enforcement, justice, education, or economic stability. Common characteristics of failed states include ongoing civil violence, corruption, crime, poverty, illiteracy, and crumbling ...Collapse definition, to fall or cave in; crumble suddenly: The roof collapsed and buried the crowd. See more. AUDIOBOOK. Abstract: In this article, the author investigates the concept of “war” during the Akkadian period (ca. 2234–2154 BCE) through fragments and clay tablets that have remained from that period in history more than 4,000 years ago. Given the special place that the divine realm took in the Akkadian worldview, manifesting even in ...MYP Mathematics: A Concept-Based Approach; MYP Sciences: A Concept-Based Approach; IB History; IB DP Science 2023; CXC Study Guides; Activate KS3 Science; GCSE 9-1 Geography AQA; Tricolore 5e édition; geog.123 (KS3) Ignite English (KS3) Nelson Key Geography; AQA GCSE Religious Studies; Rollercoasters (KS3/11-14) Key issues; Cambridge IGCSE ...Most people embroiled in violent intergroup conflict have sincere desires for peace. Yet, we show that, even in its abstract form, the concept of peace encompasses different interpretations, each influenced by the perceiver’s experiences of conflict, and each shaping the way in which the perceiver thinks about conflict resolution.• Why had international peace collapsed by 1939? • Who was to blame for the Cold War? • How effectively did the United States contain the spread of Communism? • How secure was the USSR’s control over Eastern Europe, 1948–c.1989? • Why did events in the Gulf matter, c.1970–2000?The definition is reminiscent of the idea of failed or failing states, an equally inexact concept popular since the 1990s, which is of clear concern to policy makers seeking to ensure that states become or remain sustainable and do not collapse..

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